FERC, Principles for Efficient and Reliable Reactive Power Supply and Consumption, 2004.
Abstract
EXCERPT FROM THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Almost all bulk electric power in the United States is generated, transported and consumed in an alternating current (AC) network. Elements of AC systems produce and consume two kinds of power: real power (measured in watts) and reactive power (measured in volt-amperes reactive, or var). Real power accomplishes useful work (e.g., running motors and lighting lamps). Reactive power supports the voltages that must be controlled for system reliability.
Reactive power supply is essential for reliably operating the electric transmission system. Inadequate reactive power has led to voltage collapses and has been a major cause of several recent major power outages worldwide. And while the August 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada was not due to a voltage collapse as that term has been traditionally used, the final report of the U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force (April 2004) said that “insufficient reactive power was an issue in the blackout.” Dynamic capacitive reactive power supplies were exhausted in the period leading up to the blackout.
ferc_reactive_power_020405.pdf FERC, NOTICE INVITING COMMENTS ON ESTABLISHING LONG TERM TRANSMISSION RIGHTS IN MARKETS WITH LOCATIONAL PRICING , 2004.
Abstract
The Commission invites all interested persons to file comments addressing establishing long term transmission rights in electricity markets operated by Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) and Independent System Operators (ISOs).
ferc_ltr_05-11-05.pdf Rose, Kenneth. “
2004 Performance Review of Electric Power Markets.” In, 2004.
AbstractRose, Kenneth. 2004 Performance Review of Electric Power Markets . 25 August 2004. Review conducted for the Virginia State Corporation Commission, 170 pages.
rose.2004.perf_.review.elec_.mkts_.0804.pdf Naumann, Steven. “
Active Markets and Reactive Policies: Requirements, Rules, Incentives and Business Models for Reactive Power.” In, 2004.
AbstractNaumann, Steven. Active Markets and Reactive Policies: Requirements, Rules, Incentives and Business Models for Reactive Power. 2 December 2004. Presentation, 12 pages.
naumann.act_.mkts_.1204.pdf Forum, Bay Area Economic. “
Bay Area Economic ForumLightning Strikes Twice: California Faces the Real Risk of a Second Power Crisis. Taking the Right Steps to Ensure a Powerful Future.” In, 2004.
Publisher's VersionAbstractBay Area Economic Forum. Lightning Strikes Twice: California Faces the Real Risk of a Second Power Crisis. Taking the Right Steps to Ensure a Powerful Future. August 2004. Paper, 28 pages.
Commission, California Energy. “
Documents and Reports for the 2004 Update to the 2003 Integrated Energy Policy Report.” In, 2004.
Publisher's VersionAbstractCalifornia Energy Commission. Documents and Reports for the 2004 Update to the 2003 Integrated Energy Policy Report. 20 October 2004. Links to final report, workshops and meetings.
Kleindorfer, Paul. “
Economic Regulation Under Distributed Ownership: The Case of Electric Power Transmission.” In, 2004.
AbstractKleindorfer, Paul. Economic Regulation Under Distributed Ownership: The Case of Electric Power Transmission. 24 January 2004. Paper, 21 pages.
kleindorfer.ec_.reg_.under_.distrib.owner_.24.jan_.04.pdf Fleischaker, David. “
Electricity Restructuring: A Long Day's Journey Into Night?” In, 2004.
AbstractFleischaker, David. Electricity Restructuring: A Long Day's Journey Into Night? 7 October 2004. Presentation, 7 pages.
fleischaker.elec_.restruct.7.oct_.04.pdf O'Neill, Richard. “
ISO As the New Utility: Why Are the States Deferring?” In, 2004.
AbstractO'Neill, Richard (FERC). ISO As the New Utility: Why Are the States Deferring? 1 March 2004. Presentation, 24 pages.
oneill.iso_.as_.new_.utility.1.mar_.04.pdf