Alexander, Barbara (NCAT). The Transition to Retail Competition in Energy Markets: How Have Residential Consumers Fared? Part One: An Analysis of Residential Energy Markets in Georgia, Massachusetts, Ohio, New York and Texas. September 2002. Paper, 43 pages.
The difference between scheduled and real power flows on a transmission path, assuming zero inadvertent interchange (also called loop flow, unscheduled power flow, or circulating power flow)
Pacific Northwest Utility Conference Committee. Evaluation and Description of Alternative Organizational Structures Draft. Phase I Report. 5 March 1996.