Edison Electric Institute. Framework for the Continuing Development of a Competitive Wholesale Market for the Benefit of Consumers. 7 January 2005. Paper, 5 pages.
A financial instrument that specifies the amount, price and time of delivery of electric power; the contract terms are typically customized by both buyer and seller
Naumann, Steven. Formulating and Enforcing Reliability Standards. Presentation to the Harvard Electricity Policy Group Fifty-Fourth Plenary Session. March 12, 2009. 11 pages.
A right to transmit electricity over flowgates; a control area operator defines flowgate rights for links experiencing significant congestion and such rights may then be traded in bilateral markets